Pierre-Joseph Proudhon was one of the most innovative philosophers and sociologists of his century. As a stylist, he admired Sainte-Beuve. Nevertheless, his reputation now suffers from Karl Marx's belittling him after having been his attentive disciple: when the former wrote Philosophie de la misère (The Philosophy of Poverty), Marx retorted with Misère de la philosophie (The Poverty of Philosophy), overshadowing him for a century. Having declared that “property is theft” and “anarchy is order,” Proudhon, at the time of the Pantheon, was a terrifying adversary of the bourgeoisie. At one time, Nadar was close to the Proudhonians, and socialized with the philosopher at the home of the anarchist author Élisée Reclus. Breaking with the usual firebrand stereotypes, in Les Binettes contemporaines, Nadar drew him as a tranquil “intellectual” – as Courbet would also paint him in 1853 – surrounded by his children. A short time before the Pantheon, was published, the philosopher had been imprisoned at Sainte Pélagie (1849 to 1852).