From the 13^th century onwards, increasing knowledge transfers occurred between the Arab-Muslim world and Latin Europe. The mappa mundi created by Al-Idrisi, an Arab scholar working for the Christian King Roger II of Sicily, leverages Arab cartographic tradition and Ptolemy's Geography, which had been copied and annotated in Bagdad as of the 9^th century. On this map, as on the mappa mundi created by Pietro Vesconte in Venice in around 1329, the Red Sea and Persian Gulf are correctly represented, and extend into the Indian Ocean.